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Interview: “Bioactive endodontics is the future”

Dr. James Bahcall and colleagues are exploring the possibilities of cryotherapy in endodontic dentistry. (Photograph: Dr. James Bahcall)
Monique Mehler, Dental Tribune International

Monique Mehler, Dental Tribune International

Mon. 8. July 2019

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In the medical field, cryotherapy is used in an effort to relieve pain and swelling after soft-tissue management or surgery. Currently, researchers in the U.S. are exploring the possibilities and limitations of vital pulp cryotherapy in clinical trials. Dr. James Bahcall, who plays an important role in these investigations, is a clinical professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He spoke to Dental Tribune International about the studies.

Dr. Bahcall, in collaboration with other researchers, you have published an article titled “Introduction to vital pulp cryotherapy” in which the use of cold therapy in endodontics is explored. What is the history behind the use of  cryotherapy in vital pulp therapy?
There has been a paradigm shift in vital pulp therapy over the last three to five years. We have gained a better understanding of pulp biology from caries involvement, and there have been new developments in bioceramic materials. We have also come to view vital pulp therapy as a permanent rather than temporary dental treatment. All of this allowed us to develop vital pulp cryotherapy. Although we did not invent cryotherapy, we were the first to bring it into endodontics for vital pulp treatment. Medicine has demonstrated since the early 1960s that cryotherapy can reduce nerve pain response, inflammation and hemorrhaging, and can help reduce a patient’s need for postoperative pain medications.

Vital pulp cryotherapy is performed when a carious lesion is removed from a tooth and there is direct or indirect exposure of the dental pulp. The cryotherapy portion of treatment involves placing sterile ice on the exposed pulp. The application of ice lowers the temperature of the tooth’s blood and nerve supply, and this has been shown clinically to reduce inflammation and post-treatment tooth pain. It is important to note that, after performing the cryotherapy procedure, 17% EDTA irrigation is applied, a bioceramic material is then placed over the directly or indirectly exposed pulp, and the tooth is restored with a permanent restorative material, such as composite or amalgam.

How is this different from classic root canal therapy?
Vital pulp cryotherapy involves treating a carious tooth while maintaining the tooth’s pulpal tissue as opposed to root canal therapy that involves removal of the entire dental pulp and replacing it with gutta-percha and sealer.

What are the benefits of vital pulp cryotherapy, and what are its limitations?
The benefits of vital pulp cryotherapy are its ability to eliminate pulpal inflammation and a patient’s tooth pain without the complete removal of the dental pulp. By maintaining the dental pulp, we are able to maintain the tooth’s strength by not having to remove root dentin, the pulp–dentin complex and the pulp’s immune defense mechanisms. Another benefit of vital pulp cryotherapy is the treatment time for the patient. Once the patient is properly anesthetized and the caries is removed, the actual time to complete the vital pulp cryotherapy portion is 10–15 minutes. In comparison, root canal therapy can take 1–2 hours. Vital pulp therapy procedures are completed in one patient treatment visit.

The limitation of vital pulp cryotherapy is that this procedure can only be performed on vital teeth that can be permanently restored with composite or amalgam immediately after the procedure. It cannot be performed with necrotic or partially necrotic pulps. A clinician cannot prepare a vital pulp cryotherapy treated tooth for a crown. The reason for this is that, once the vital pulp cryotherapy is completed, you do not want to do any further dental treatment to this tooth because you risk the possibility of restimulating the pulpal inflammation.

In your article, you conclude that further clinical studies are needed in order to establish the long-term prognosis of a pulp after vital pulp cryotherapy. What are your expectations?
As with any new dental procedure, clinical cases and studies need to be published in peer-reviewed dental literature. Vital pulp cryotherapy is no different. We have published case reports and have been conducting clinical research on vital pulp cryotherapy. Our study has found that patients have less postoperative pain immediately after treatment and maintain normal pulp vitality at six months and at one year after treatment. This is as far as our clinical study has patient recalls at this point. Our expectations are, firstly, to demonstrate that this is a valid procedure for vital pulp treatment beyond one year. Secondly, we hope to encourage our dental colleagues to publish vital pulp cryotherapy case reports and clinical research in the dental literature.

How do you think vital pulp cryotherapy will advance endodontics?
We feel that vital pulp cryotherapy will help to broaden the type of pulpal treatment that we can provide to our patients. It also will be an important treatment component in bioactive endodontic therapy. Bioactive endodontics is the future. By definition, “bioactive” means having a biological effect. Bioactive endodontics in conventional endodontic treatment includes vital pulp cryotherapy and regenerative endodontics. It involves the use of bioactive materials and the patient’s own blood to help heal, as in the case of vital pulp cryotherapy, and to replace the gutta-percha and sealer in classic root canal therapy.

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According to Lina Craven, true excellence in a practice is not defined by the moments that attract attention, but by the consistency and care embedded in everyday routines that quietly shape the patient experience. (Image: GoodIdeas/Adobe Stock)

Mon. 11. May 2026

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Most practices believe that excellence is built through outcomes—achieved through technology, innovation, reputation or visibility. In reality, excellence is far more ordinary and far more unforgiving. It is built in the everyday moments that no one measures or celebrates—moments that seem too small to matter, too routine to document and too familiar to question. Yet these moments quietly define a practice’s identity long before patients consciously evaluate it—not in the cases showcased or the results published, but in how the practice behaves when nothing out of the ordinary seems to be happening.

This is where excellence either takes hold or quietly erodes. Excellence is not an ambition; it is a pattern. Practices rarely fail because they lack ambition—almost every practice wants to be excellent. They fail when their daily behaviour does not match their stated standards. Excellence is not created in vision statements, strategic plans or annual goals; it is created on ordinary days, under ordinary pressure, through repeated interactions between people who are busy, distracted and human.

Tuesday mornings matter more than planning days. Handovers matter more than mission statements. Everyday decisions matter more than big intentions. Patients never see these moments directly, but they experience their outcomes every time they interact with the practice—through clarity or confusion, calm or tension, confidence or inconsistency. The practices that stand out are rarely extraordinary; they are consistent.

The first interaction sets the tone for the day and is rarely with a patient. It is with the team. How the day begins—proactively or reactively—sets the emotional and operational standard for everything that follows. A rushed start creates reactive behaviour. A disorganised start creates inconsistency. A tense start creates ripple effects faster than most leaders realise.

This is why staff meetings, huddles and informal checkins matter far more than their agenda suggests. They are not administrative necessities; they are cultural signals. In strong practices, meetings create clarity. In weaker ones, they recycle problems without resolution or drain energy instead of creating momentum. The difference is not time. It is leadership. If alignment is optional at the start of the day, excellence becomes optional for the rest of it.

Language shapes perception

Language inside the practice determines behaviour. The language used by leadership and within the team shapes behaviour towards patients. The way expectations are communicated internally shapes how confidently teams communicate with patients. The way feedback is delivered internally determines how responsibility is handled in patient interactions.

Unclear language does more damage than open conflict. It normalises confusion and leaves expectations undefined. Effective practices replace vagueness with precision. Instead of “You know what I mean”, say:

  • “Let me be specific about what I’m asking for.”
  • “Here is what ‘good’ looks like in this situation.”

Instead of “We’ll deal with it later”, say:

  • “This needs a decision. Let’s agree on it now.”
  • “We won’t resolve this today, but this is who is responsible for it and when a decision will be made.”

Instead of “That’s just how it is here”, say:

  • “This is our current standard, and we’re open to improving it.”
  • “If this no longer serves the practice, we need to address it.”

Why this language works

Clear language creates safety. Safety encourages ownership. Ownership supports consistency—and consistency is what patients recognise as excellence.

This is less about scripting and more about precise communication. When expectations are explicit and the reasons behind them are understood, people act with greater confidence and less defensiveness. Excellence does not require politeness; it requires clarity.

“Patients do not experience what you intend; they experience what you deliver.”

Consistency is the true luxury

Patients do not experience what you intend; they experience what you deliver. What they trust is delivery that holds up over time—consistency. Consistency is often mistaken for rigidity, but it is the result of structure, and structure is not about control; it is about relief. Clear roles are not restrictive; they are stabilising.

When team members know what they are responsible for, who decides what, and when to escalate and when to act, they stop second-guessing themselves. Errors decrease, confidence increases and tension drops. Ambiguity is expensive. It leads to duplication, frustration and mistakes that feel personal rather than procedural.

Practices that excel do not rely on strong personalities or heroic effort. They reduce ambiguity through clear roles, clear decisions, and clear escalation so that excellence becomes repeatable, regardless of who is working on a given day. That consistency is felt immediately by patients, even if they cannot articulate why.

The invisible moments matter most

What defines a practice is not how it performs when things go well but how it responds when they do not. Mistakes happen, days unravel, pressure builds. In those moments, the practice’s response—not the problem—reveals the practice’s culture:

  • Is the issue addressed or avoided?
  • Is feedback specific or softened into vagueness?
  • Is accountability supported or personalised as blame?

Feedback is one of the most revealing interactions in any practice. Where feedback is avoided, excellence becomes fragile. Where feedback is inconsistent, standards drift. Where feedback is judgemental, trust erodes quietly.

Strong practices are not conflict-free; they are conflict-capable. They address issues early, calmly and directly—not to control behaviour but to protect standards. Excellence does not require perfection. It requires responsiveness.

Trust is built between appointments

Trust is not built through reassurance; it is built through follow-through. Internally, trust grows when concerns raised in meetings are addressed, decisions are explained and communication loops are closed. Nothing damages credibility faster than conversations that have no outcome. Staff notice what happens after the discussion ends, after the promise has been made, after the issue has been raised.

Patients experience the result of this internal trust indirectly: a confident team speaks with assurance; a supported team stays calm under pressure and an aligned team delivers a smoother experience. Trust is felt emotionally, but it is built operationally, and practices that excel do not rely on memory or goodwill but create systems that ensure that action follows conversation.

The patient experience mirrors the team experience

A practice cannot display calm externally while operating in chaos internally. Empathy cannot be required without support; professionalism cannot be expected without clarity and excellence cannot be sustained without investment in the team experience. Training is often reduced to competence, but competence alone does not create excellence—alignment does. Teams need more than instruction; they need context for decisions, clarity of expectations and consistency in standards.

Context for decisions
Teams must understand why decisions are made, not only what is decided. Without context, even sound decisions feel arbitrary. With context, teams can adapt, prioritise and act with confidence as situations change.

Clarity of expectations
Unspoken or shifting expectations create hesitation. Clear expectations create momentum. When teams know exactly what is expected and what success looks like, second-guessing disappears and consistent performance follows.

Consistency in standards
Standards that collapse under pressure are not standards. What is expected on a quiet day must still apply on a difficult one. Consistency removes uncertainty and builds trust—internally and externally.

When training focuses only on tasks, people comply; when it focuses on understanding, people engage. Practices that neglect the team experience ultimately compromise the patient experience—not through lack of care but through fatigue—because excellence requires energy, and energy requires support.

“Excellence is not avoiding tension. It is managing it well.”

Dealing with difficult situations, not difficult patients

There are no difficult patients; there are unmanaged situations. Most challenges arise from:

  • poor expectation setting;
  • inconsistent communication;
  • unclear boundaries; and
  • fragmented systems.

Practices that label patients as difficult often avoid examining their own processes. Strong practices do the opposite. They prepare teams for complexity. They define escalation pathways. They support staff when boundaries are tested. They remove emotion from response and replace it with structure.

When teams know how to respond, they remain calm. When they feel supported, they remain professional. When situations are handled consistently, trust is preserved even under pressure.

Excellence is not avoiding tension. It is managing it well.

Leadership lives in the everyday

Leadership is not revealed in vision statements; it is revealed in what is tolerated. What is allowed to continue becomes culture—standards not being met, conversations being avoided, rules being enforced inconsistently.

These moments shape behaviour more powerfully than any policy. The strongest leaders are not the most charismatic but the most consistent. They understand that excellence must hold on difficult days, not only on good ones, and that leadership is revealed in what is addressed immediately—and what is postponed indefinitely.

From interaction to identity

Practices do not become excellent through effort alone. Effort is common. Alignment is not. Excellence emerges when behaviour, expectations and leadership decisions point in the same direction—consistently and quietly. It is not created by teams working harder or reacting faster, nor by leaders asking them to take on more than they can reasonably manage. It is created when everyday interactions are intentional rather than reactive. When interactions are intentional, three outcomes follow: standards hold, teams stabilise and patients trust.

Standards hold
They do not fluctuate with pressure, personality or circumstance. What matters on a quiet day still matters on a difficult one. Standards stop being aspirational and become non-negotiable—when they begin to shape behaviour rather than merely describe it.

Teams stabilise
Clarity replaces uncertainty. People stop guessing, second guessing and compensating for lack of direction. Energy is no longer spent navigating ambiguity or inconsistency; it is directed towards performance, collaboration and care.

Patients trust
Patients look for reassurance. Consistency creates trust, trust reassures the patient. Confidence is conveyed through tone, timing and consistency. Trust grows when nothing feels improvised, even in complex situations.

At this point, excellence stops being something the practice strives for and becomes something it delivers naturally. This is not because the practice is perfect, but because excellence is practised every day in small, repeatable ways.

A final perspective

Working closely with practices reveals a pattern that is difficult to ignore: practices are defined less by their outcomes than by their habits—staff meetings, training conversations, feedback moments, clear roles and consistent escalation pathways. These are not operational details; they are identity-forming moments. If you want credibility, build clarity. If you want visibility, deliver consistency. If you want influence, lead in the everyday. Excellence is rarely announced; it is recognised over time.

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