The patient reported on in this article is a student in dentistry and his parents are both dentists. They referred their son to a good endodontist, who then referred the case to me. As always, peers are more than welcome in either of my practices, in Rome and London, so when I treated this case, I had three dentists watching me, a future dentist on the chair, placing a great deal of pressure on me.
The 22-year-old male patient had a history of trauma to his maxillary incisors and arrived at my practice with symptoms related to tooth #21. The tooth, opened in an emergency by the patient’s mother, was tender when prodded, with a moderate level of sensitivity on the respective buccal gingiva. Sensitivity tests were negative for the other central incisor (tooth #12 was positive), and a periapical radiograph showed radiolucency in the periapical areas of both of the central incisors. The apices of these teeth were quite wide and the length of teeth appeared to exceed 25 mm.
My treatment plan was as follows: root canal therapy with two apical plugs with a calcium silicate-based bioactive cement. The patient provided his consent for the treatment of the affected tooth and asked to have the other treated in a subsequent visit.
After isolating with a rubber dam, I removed the temporary filling, and then the entire pulp chamber roof with a low-speed round drill. The working length was immediately evaluated using an electronic apex locator and a 31 mm K-type file. The working length was determined to be 28 mm.
As can be seen in the photographs, the canal was actually quite wide, so I decided to only use an irrigating solution and not a shaping instrument. Root canals are usually shaped so that there will be enough space for proper irrigation and a proper shape for obturation. This usually means giving these canals a tapered shape to ensure good control when obturating. With open apices, a conical shape is not needed, and often there is enough space for placing the irrigating solution deep and close to the apex.
Fig. 1: Pre-operative radiograph
Fig. 2: Intraoperative radiograph of apical plug of tooth #21.
Fig. 3: Post-operative radiograph.
Fig. 5: Intraoperative radiograph of apical plug of tooth #11 (after 6 months from the first treatment).
Fig. 6: Post-operative radiograph.
Fig. 7: Four months follow-up radiograph.
I decided to use only some syringes containing 5 per cent sodium hypochlorite and EDDY, a sonic tip produced by VDW, for delivery of the cleaning solution and to promote turbulence in the endodontic space and shear stress on the canal walls in order to remove the necrotic tissue faster and more effectively. After a rinse with sodium hypochlorite, the sonic tip was moved to and from the working length of the canal for 30 seconds. This procedure was repeated until the sodium hypochlorite seemed to become ineffective, was clear and had no bubbles. I did not use EDTA, as no debris or smear layer was produced.
I suctioned the sodium hypochlorite, checked the working length with a paper point and then obturated the canal with a of 3 mm in thickness plug of bioactive cement. I then took a radiograph before obturating the rest of the canal with warm gutta-percha. I used a compomer as a temporary filling material.
The symptoms resolved, so I conducted the second treatment only after some months, when the tooth #11 became tender. Tooth #21 had healed. I performed the same procedure and obtained the same outcome (the four-month follow-up radiograph showed healing).
Editorial note: A complete list of references are available from the publisher. This article was published in roots - international magazine of endodontology No. 04/2017.
The patient reported on in this article is a student in dentistry and his parents are both dentists. They referred their son to a good endodontist, who then...
Irrigation is a major step in endodontic treatment. A variety of chemicals are used to achieve what I like to consider the chemical preparation of the ...
The patient was referred for root canal treatment (RCT) of tooth #36, the referring dentist having had difficulty in locating the root canal orifices. The ...
After access preparation and location of anatomy, the next challenge facing the endodontic clinician is to select the proper file alloy and sequence for the...
VEVEY, Switzerland: Introduced by Swiss endodontic company Produits Dentaires (PD) at the 2019 International Dental Show, EssenSeal is an innovative sealer ...
Much has changed in endodontics during the last 20 years, except the anatomy, which is still just as complex. We can improve our protocols and techniques, ...
The introduction of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instrumentation has made endodontics easier and faster than with hand instrumentation. In addition, ...
Over the last two decades, extensive research has been carried out to alleviate the two major shortcomings of orthodontic treatment: visibility and ...
Minimally invasive—the most well-known oxymoron in dentistry—is probably nowadays considered the new standard of care in almost every field of dental ...
In his 1862 monograph, French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne postulated that facial expressions are directly related to a person’s soul.1 ...
Live webinar
Thu. 11 September 2025
1:00 pm EST (New York)
Live webinar
Mon. 15 September 2025
1:00 pm EST (New York)
Prof. Dr. med. dent. Stefan Wolfart
Live webinar
Tue. 16 September 2025
11:00 am EST (New York)
Prof. Dr. Dr. Florian Guy Draenert
Live webinar
Tue. 16 September 2025
12:30 pm EST (New York)
Dr. Kay Vietor, Birgit Sayn
Live webinar
Tue. 16 September 2025
1:00 pm EST (New York)
Dr. Paweł Aleksandrowicz PhD
Live webinar
Tue. 16 September 2025
8:00 pm EST (New York)
Brazil / Brasil
Canada / Canada
Latin America / Latinoamérica
USA / USA
Austria / Österreich
Bosnia and Herzegovina / Босна и Херцеговина
Bulgaria / България
Croatia / Hrvatska
Czech Republic & Slovakia / Česká republika & Slovensko
France / France
Germany / Deutschland
Greece / ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
Hungary / Hungary
Italy / Italia
Netherlands / Nederland
Nordic / Nordic
Poland / Polska
Portugal / Portugal
Romania & Moldova / România & Moldova
Slovenia / Slovenija
Serbia & Montenegro / Србија и Црна Гора
Spain / España
Switzerland / Schweiz
Turkey / Türkiye
UK & Ireland / UK & Ireland
China / 中国
India / भारत गणराज्य
Japan / 日本
Pakistan / Pākistān
Vietnam / Việt Nam
ASEAN / ASEAN
Israel / מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל
Algeria, Morocco & Tunisia / الجزائر والمغرب وتونس
Middle East / Middle East
Dr. Jenny Apekian DDSRegister now1CELive webinar
Prof. Dr. med. dent. Stefan WolfartRegister now1CELive webinar
Dr. Paweł Aleksandrowicz PhDRegister now1CELive webinar
Dr. Ashton Prince DMDRegister now1CE:sharpen(level=0):output(format=png)/up/dt/2024/09/Kexcelled_logo.png "Kexcelled")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25-GC-presents-modern-amalgam-alternatives_header.jpg "FDIWDC25: GC presents modern amalgam alternatives")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/Charting-the-course-to-2030_Interview-with-Vision-2030-expert-group-chair-Prof.%E2%80%AFManu-Mathur-2.jpg "Charting the course to 2030: Interview with Vision 2030 expert group chair Prof. Manu Mathur")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_001.jpg "FDI World Dental Congress returns to China")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/The-Oral-Health-Observatory-has-been-a-goldmine-of-insights-for-China_header.jpg "“The Oral Health Observatory has been a goldmine of insights for China”")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/Empowering-the-voices-of-tomorrow-at-the-FDI-Young-Dentists-Forum_2.jpg "Empowering the voices of tomorrow at the FDI Young Dentists Forum")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/07/3dprinting.jpg "3D printing")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/07/aligners.jpg "aligners")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2024/09/Kexcelled_logo.png "Kexcelled"){kind=logo}
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/07/DDG_Logo_2025_04_2lines.png "DirectaDentalGroup"){kind=logo}
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2023/03/ACTEON_NEW-logo_03-2024.png "ACTEON"){kind=logo}
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2024/01/ClearCorrect_Logo_Grey_01-2024.png "ClearCorrect"){kind=logo}
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2022/01/Sprintray_Logo_2506x700.png "SprintRay"){kind=logo}
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2010/11/Nobel-Biocare-Logo-2019.png "Nobel Biocare"){kind=logo}
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/7-4.jpg "Irrigating the root canal: A case report")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25-GC-presents-modern-amalgam-alternatives_header.jpg "FDIWDC25: GC presents modern amalgam alternatives")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/wp-content/themes/dt/images/no-user.gif "Dr Vittorio Franco, UK and Italy")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/1-4.jpg "Fig. 1: Pre-operative radiograph")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/2-4.jpg "Fig. 2: Intraoperative radiograph of apical plug of tooth #21.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/3-2.jpg "Fig. 3: Post-operative radiograph.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/4-3.jpg "Fig.4: EDDY in action.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/5-4.jpg "Fig. 5: Intraoperative radiograph of apical plug of tooth #11 (after 6 months from the first treatment).")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/6-4.jpg "Fig. 6: Post-operative radiograph.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/7-4.jpg "Fig. 7: Four months follow-up radiograph.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2018/01/1-4.jpg "Fig. 1: Pre-operative radiograph")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2018/01/2-4.jpg "Fig. 2: Intraoperative radiograph of apical plug of tooth #21.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2018/01/3-2.jpg "Fig. 3: Post-operative radiograph.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2018/01/4-3.jpg "Fig.4: EDDY in action.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2018/01/5-4.jpg "Fig. 5: Intraoperative radiograph of apical plug of tooth #11 (after 6 months from the first treatment).")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2018/01/6-4.jpg "Fig. 6: Post-operative radiograph.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2018/01/7-4.jpg "Fig. 7: Four months follow-up radiograph.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/01/fig-1-copy.jpg "Irrigating the root canal: A case report")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2013/01/e795cb01d139d4342d3f004b7faece89.jpg "Irrigation for the root canal and nothing but the root canal")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2024/12/Shutterstock_705327694.jpg "A simple sequence for successful root canal treatment outcomes")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2022/09/The-golden-era-of-root-canal-shaping_header.jpg "The golden era of root canal shaping")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2019/06/PD_EssenSeal-1.jpg "EssenSeal: A new-generation root canal sealer")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2023/07/A-novel-approach-to-root-canal.jpg "A novel approach to root canal preparation: The in–out technique")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2013/01/56d47c4a2dcde8f7ed015874f5701c7f.jpg "Scouting the root canal with dedicated NiTi files")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2017/08/Widening-the-scope-of-aligner-application.jpg "Widening the scope of aligner application: A case report")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2019/01/Minimally-invasive-root-canal.jpg "Minimally invasive root canal shaping—A new protocol")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2024/11/Shutterstock_1963277548.jpg "Technology and emotion: A porcelain veneer case report")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25-GC-presents-modern-amalgam-alternatives_header.jpg "FDIWDC25: GC presents modern amalgam alternatives")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/Charting-the-course-to-2030_Interview-with-Vision-2030-expert-group-chair-Prof.%E2%80%AFManu-Mathur-2.jpg "Charting the course to 2030: Interview with Vision 2030 expert group chair Prof. Manu Mathur")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_001.jpg "FDI World Dental Congress returns to China")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_001.jpg "FDI World Dental Congress returns to China")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/wp-content/themes/dt/images/dt-user.gif "Dental Tribune International")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_002.jpg "The FDI World Dental Congress (FDIWDC), held in a different host country every year, offers a unique opportunity to meet with leaders of the oral health profession from around the globe. (All images: Dental Tribune China)")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_004.jpg "More than 30,000 participants are expected to attend FDIWDC25.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_013.jpg "The FDIWDC25 exhibition is going to be one of the largest exhibitions in FDI congress history.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_016.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_012.jpg "Opening ceremony.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_014.jpg "Opening ceremony.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_019.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_017.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_015.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_018.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_005.jpg "The exhibition at the National Exhibition and Convention Center in Shanghai spans 60,000 m², providing a stage for the latest dental innovations from around the world.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_003.jpg "The exhibition showcases the latest developments in dental equipment and technology from top international brands and Chinese manufacturers.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_007.jpg "EMS booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_008.jpg "Colgate booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_006.jpg "Exocad booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_010.jpg "Haleon booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_011.jpg "Ivoclar booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_009.jpg "Planmeca booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_002.jpg "The FDI World Dental Congress (FDIWDC), held in a different host country every year, offers a unique opportunity to meet with leaders of the oral health profession from around the globe. (All images: Dental Tribune China)")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_004.jpg "More than 30,000 participants are expected to attend FDIWDC25.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_013.jpg "The FDIWDC25 exhibition is going to be one of the largest exhibitions in FDI congress history.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_016.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_012.jpg "Opening ceremony.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_014.jpg "Opening ceremony.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_019.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_017.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_015.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_018.jpg)
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_005.jpg "The exhibition at the National Exhibition and Convention Center in Shanghai spans 60,000 m², providing a stage for the latest dental innovations from around the world.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_003.jpg "The exhibition showcases the latest developments in dental equipment and technology from top international brands and Chinese manufacturers.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_007.jpg "EMS booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_008.jpg "Colgate booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_006.jpg "Exocad booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_010.jpg "Haleon booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_011.jpg "Ivoclar booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=jpeg)/up/dt/2025/09/FDIWDC25_009.jpg "Planmeca booth.")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2023/09/FDI-Sydney-2023_01.jpg "FDI World Dental Congress makes remarkable return")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/05/FDI_2018.jpg "FDI counts down to World Dental Congress")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/03/DSC_0049.jpg "FDI invites IDS attendees to the 2025 World Dental Congress")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2019/11/FDI-World-Dental-Congress-2020%E2%80%94China-is-shaping-future-of-oral-health_780-x-439.jpg "FDI World Dental Congress 2020—China is shaping future of oral health")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2024/10/Global-dental-community-celebrates-successful-FDI-World-Dental-Congress.jpg "Global dental community celebrates successful FDI World Dental Congress")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2024/09/DSC_0061-edited.jpg "Welcome to the FDI World Dental Congress in Istanbul")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2018/09/DSC_0001-1.jpg "FDI World Dental Congress 2018 welcomes world of dentistry to South America")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2020/03/COVID-19-causes-FDI-to-cancel-World-Dental-Congress-2020_780-x-439.jpg "COVID-19 forces FDI to cancel World Dental Congress 2020")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2022/03/FDI-cancels-this-years-World-Dental-CongresscGilberto-Lontro_FDI.jpg "FDI cancels this year’s World Dental Congress")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2021/09/Mumbai-will-host-2022-WDC_780-x-439.jpg "Mumbai will host 2022 FDI World Dental Congress")
:sharpen(level=0):output(format=webp)/up/dt/2025/09/The-Oral-Health-Observatory-has-been-a-goldmine-of-insights-for-China_header.jpg "“The Oral Health Observatory has been a goldmine of insights for China”")
The ultimate reason why root canals fail is bacteria. If our mouths were sterile there would be no decay or infection, and damaged teeth could, in ways, repair themselves. So although we can attribute nearly all root canal failure to the presence of bacteria, I will discuss five common reasons why root canals fail, and why at least four of them are mostly preventable.